![]() For example, in Finland, all children are required to learn at least three languages: the two national languages (Finnish and Swedish) and one foreign language (usually English). Many small independent nations' schoolchildren are today compelled to learn multiple languages because of international interactions. Another example is that Ukrainian was dismissed as a Russian dialect by the Russian tsars to discourage national feelings. One example is the creation of Serbo-Croatian as a standard language on the basis of the Eastern Herzegovinian dialect to function as umbrella for numerous South Slavic dialects after the breakup of Yugoslavia it was split into Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin. Furthermore, what is considered a language can change, often for purely political reasons. For instance, scholars often disagree whether Scots is a language in its own right or merely a dialect of English. In addition, there is no consistent definition of what constitutes a distinct language. Since 1992, Vivian Cook has argued that most multilingual speakers fall somewhere between minimal and maximal definitions. At the opposite end of the spectrum would be people who know enough phrases to get around as a tourist using the alternate language. The speaker would presumably have complete knowledge and control over the languages and thus sound like a native speaker. At one end of a sort of linguistic continuum, one may define multilingualism as complete competence in and mastery of more than one language. The definition of multilingualism is a subject of debate in the same way as that of language fluency. Bilingual signs represent a multitude of languages in an evolutive variety of texts with each writing.īilingual no trespassing sign at a construction site in Helsinki upper text in Finnish and lower text in Swedish. Together, like many different languages, modern-day multilingualism is still encountered by some people who speak the same language. The phenomenon however, is old as different languages themselves. The first recorded use of the word multilingualism originated in the English language in the 1800s as a combination of multi (many) and lingual (pertaining to languages, with the word existing in the Middle Ages).
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